Direct versus indirect. Direct speech means we get to hear the words as they come directly from the mouth of the character. In indirect speech, the words are reported in a subordinate clause. Direct speech uses quotation marks; indirect speech does not. If you compare direct versus indirect speech in these examples, I think you will see that direct speech is more clear, more succinct — and more alive!
INDIRECT | DIRECT | |
The hare said that he would challenge the tortoise to a race. | The hare said, "I will challenge the tortoise to a race!" | |
The hare thought that he could beat the tortoise easily. | The hare thought, "I can beat the tortoise easily!" | |
The hare asked the tortoise whether he would agree to a race. | The hare asked the tortoise, "Will you agree to a race?" |
As these examples show, indirect speech has complicated rules for how to change the verbs and pronouns from the direct statement into their indirect restatement. When you use direct speech, you don't have to change the words, but you do have to know how to use the punctuation marks that separate the quoted words from the rest of the story. The rules below explain just how to do that:
Rule #1: Use quotation marks for all direct speech.
When someone's words are repeated exactly as that person said or wrote them, you need to put those words in quotation marks:
- The hare said, "I will challenge the tortoise to a race."
- The hare thought, "I know I can beat the tortoise easily!"
- The tortoise pondered for a moment, grinned, and nodded slowly. "I accept your offer, Mr. Hare."
When you are writing dialogue, you will need to decide on the best mix of dialogue tags (words like "said," "asked," etc.) and dialogue beats (words that describe the action). Either way, the quoted words still go inside quotation marks.
Rule #2: Quotation marks are used in pairs.
There is an opening quotation mark that comes before the first word of the quoted speech, and then there is a closing quotation mark that comes after the last word of the quoted speech.
- The hare said to the tortoise, "You are so slow that I will beat you very easily."
In some fonts, you can see a slightly different shape used for the opening and closing quotation marks:
- The hare said to the tortoise, “You are so slow that I will beat you very easily.”
Rule #3: The first word of a quoted sentence is capitalized.
In quoted speech, just as in other forms of writing, you capitalize the first word of every sentence:
- "When should we do it?" asked the tortoise.
- The tortoise asked, "When should we do it?"
The word "When" is capitalized because it is the first word of a quoted sentence, even though it is not the first word of the main sentence.
Rule #4: You can include multiple sentences inside a single set of quotation marks.
As long as the character is speaking, you can keep on quoting those words inside the same set of quotation marks. Here is an example where there are three sentences inside the quotation marks:
- The hare said to the tortoise, "You are so slow that I will beat you very easily. In fact, I feel sorry for you because you are so slow. I know I will defeat you!"
Rule #5: When the QUOTED SPEECH comes AFTER the verb of speaking, you use a comma after the verb of speaking and before the quoted speech.
Here's an example that shows quoted speech after the verb of speaking, with a comma between the verb of speaking and the quoted speech:
- The hare said to the tortoise, "I challenge you to a race!"
Rule #6: When the QUOTED SPEECH comes BEFORE the verb of speaking and the final sentence of the quoted speech ends with a PERIOD, you replace the period at the end of the final quoted sentence with a comma.
Here is an example where the quoted speech, ending with a period, comes before the verb of speaking. The period at the end of the quoted speech changes to a comma:
- "I accept your challenge," the tortoise replied.
Rule #7: When the QUOTED SPEECH comes BEFORE the verb of speaking and the final sentence of the quoted speech ends with an EXCLAMATION MARK or a QUESTION MARK, you do NOT replace the exclamation mark or question mark with a comma.
Instead of replacing the exclamation mark or question mark with a comma, you just leave it unchanged. Here's an example with an exclamation mark:
- "I challenge you to a race!" the hare said to the tortoise.
- "When should we do it?" asked the hare.
Rule #8: You can split a quoted sentence into two parts that are wrapped around the verb of speaking.
When the quoted sentence is split, you put a comma after the first chunk of quoted speech, and you also put a comma after the verb of speaking clause. Here is an example:
- "I challenge you," the hare said, "to a race!"
Rule #9: Punctuation marks for quoted speech always go inside the quotation marks, not outside.
Here are some examples:
- Period: "I accept your challenge."
- Comma: "I accept your challenge," replied the tortoise.
- Question Mark: "When should we do it?" asked the hare.
- Exclamation Mark: "I challenge you to a race!" the hare said to the tortoise.
Rule #10: After you have closed a quotation in one sentence, you need to use a new set of quotation marks for quoted speech in the next sentence.
When you have a quoted sentence (or sentences) together with a verb of speaking, that is a complete sentence. As a result, you need another set of quotation marks to indicate quoted speech in the next sentence. Here's an example of a complete sentence using quoted speech:
- "I challenge you to a race!" the hare said to the tortoise.
- "I challenge you to a race!" the hare said to the tortoise. "You are so slow that I will beat you very easily. In fact, I feel sorry for you already because I know you will lose."
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As for the tortoise and the hare, I am sure you know what happened: the hare was not just confident — he was overconfident, and the tortoise turned out to be the winner of the race. Slow and steady wins the race. It applies to writing too: slow down, proofread, and make sure you are using the correct punctuation for the quoted speech in your stories. It's a winning strategy! :-)
(image source)
Note: There are some other uses of quotation marks in English, such as "scare quotes" and the use of quotation marks with the titles of short works, like short stories or poems (Edgar Allen Poe's "The Raven," for example). Some of those other uses of quotation marks have different rules than the rules listed below. If you are looking for more information about all the different uses of quotation marks in English, Purdue OWL's Quotation Mark pages are very useful.
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Due to the enormous number of spam comments by spellchecking and grammarcheck companies (a curse upon them all!), I have shut down comments on this post.
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Due to the enormous number of spam comments by spellchecking and grammarcheck companies (a curse upon them all!), I have shut down comments on this post.